http://bbs.medgmp.com/ Tue, 28 Apr 2026 10:19:21 +0000 MyBB http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=2191 Tue, 18 Feb 2020 01:28:19 +0000 admin]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=2191
Description:

The Metarhizium Anisopliae is a natural entomogenous fungi main be used as bio pesticide for control pest ,Special for Termites,root grubs,beetles,weevils,ticks, caterpillars,locust.

The spores of the fungi will come into the insect body ,when the fungi contact with cuticle of the target pest  and growth/replicate massively, the fungi will absorb the nutrient from insect body ,broken the insect organ, produce harmful ingredient to killed pest.

Features:

1.The Product is a natural ,bio microbial product, which could effective killed target pest, no harmful human ,livestock or other beneficial insect,also no pollution for organic fruit ,vegetable.

2.The pest  will not develop insecticide resistance for bio pesticide.

3.The product could effective and quickly control or killed pest in short time .Normally ,48-76 hours will have good result for control pest .

Specification:

1 billion CUF per g

Note:

1.Please out of reach of the children.

2.Please apply the pest in dark or cloudy day ,avoid sunlight, spary again after heavy rain .

Package:

10/20/50/100/1000g per bag

The shelf time : Three Years in cool conditions]]>
Description:

The Metarhizium Anisopliae is a natural entomogenous fungi main be used as bio pesticide for control pest ,Special for Termites,root grubs,beetles,weevils,ticks, caterpillars,locust.

The spores of the fungi will come into the insect body ,when the fungi contact with cuticle of the target pest  and growth/replicate massively, the fungi will absorb the nutrient from insect body ,broken the insect organ, produce harmful ingredient to killed pest.

Features:

1.The Product is a natural ,bio microbial product, which could effective killed target pest, no harmful human ,livestock or other beneficial insect,also no pollution for organic fruit ,vegetable.

2.The pest  will not develop insecticide resistance for bio pesticide.

3.The product could effective and quickly control or killed pest in short time .Normally ,48-76 hours will have good result for control pest .

Specification:

1 billion CUF per g

Note:

1.Please out of reach of the children.

2.Please apply the pest in dark or cloudy day ,avoid sunlight, spary again after heavy rain .

Package:

10/20/50/100/1000g per bag

The shelf time : Three Years in cool conditions]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=2190 Mon, 17 Feb 2020 01:07:40 +0000 guangren]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=2190 Parts of Africa are currently facing the worst locust swarms in more than a generation, with swarms the size of cities sweeping across countries including Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia. The largest swarm recorded so far has been 37 miles long and 25 miles wide.
Earlier this week, the United Nations issued a statement saying it is the most severe infestation Kenya has seen in 70 years.
Desert locusts are one of the oldest and most destructive pests on the planet, traveling up to 93 miles and eating the equivalent of their own weight in fresh food every day.
These insects can form incredibly dense swarms, each containing between 40 to 80 million individual locusts per square kilometer, or 0.4 square miles. A 40 million insect swarm can consume the same amount as 35,000 people, consuming almost all the green vegetation they pass.
"Being at the center of the locust swarms is like watching a gang of bad people slashing your crops and any vegetation. Swarms of locust decimate every green vegetation, including crops and trees," Omude Emoru, Emergency Preparedness Coordinator with the International Rescue Committee, told Newsweek. "This leaves smallholder agricultural farmers and livestock keepers devastated."
Experts predict the swarms will get worse in upcoming months and could reach sizes 400 times as large as they are right now. They are also anticipating severe food shortages and dramatic impacts related to food security, with new generations of swarms set to coincide with planting season in March and the harvesting season in summer.]]> Parts of Africa are currently facing the worst locust swarms in more than a generation, with swarms the size of cities sweeping across countries including Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia. The largest swarm recorded so far has been 37 miles long and 25 miles wide.
Earlier this week, the United Nations issued a statement saying it is the most severe infestation Kenya has seen in 70 years.
Desert locusts are one of the oldest and most destructive pests on the planet, traveling up to 93 miles and eating the equivalent of their own weight in fresh food every day.
These insects can form incredibly dense swarms, each containing between 40 to 80 million individual locusts per square kilometer, or 0.4 square miles. A 40 million insect swarm can consume the same amount as 35,000 people, consuming almost all the green vegetation they pass.
"Being at the center of the locust swarms is like watching a gang of bad people slashing your crops and any vegetation. Swarms of locust decimate every green vegetation, including crops and trees," Omude Emoru, Emergency Preparedness Coordinator with the International Rescue Committee, told Newsweek. "This leaves smallholder agricultural farmers and livestock keepers devastated."
Experts predict the swarms will get worse in upcoming months and could reach sizes 400 times as large as they are right now. They are also anticipating severe food shortages and dramatic impacts related to food security, with new generations of swarms set to coincide with planting season in March and the harvesting season in summer.]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=2096 Sat, 26 Oct 2019 03:30:53 +0000 admin]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=2096 ]]> ]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=126 Wed, 17 Apr 2019 07:50:16 +0000 admin]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=126 【病的发生和传播】病原体为葡萄球菌。他是一种革兰氏阳性球菌，呈葡萄串状排列。对动物或人有致病性的为金黄色葡萄球菌。本菌对外界环境因素具有较强的抵抗力，在干燥脓汁中可存活几个月，具有较高的耐热性，80℃30分钟不被杀死。在5%石炭酸、0.1%升汞水中10~15分钟死亡。以洗必泰、消毒净、新洁尔灭及度米芬消毒效果为好。对青霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素、金霉素等敏感，但在医疗实践中，耐药菌株也逐年增多，应予注意。
本菌广泛分布于自然界，如空气、土壤、水、饲料和物品上，也是人、畜皮肤、呼吸道、消化道粘膜上的常在菌群。当动物机体皮肤和粘膜破损，抵抗力降低时，可通过损伤的皮肤、粘膜、呼吸道和消化道而发生感染。
【诊断要点】
1.流行特点多种畜禽及人对本病均有易感性。病的发生虽无明显的季节性，但夏、秋季发病较多见。动物被毛湿透，体表不洁，鞍挽具伤，挤乳不尽或动作不当、乳房受伤，营养失调，寄生虫病，垫草污秽，圈舍拥挤，卫生条件不佳，长途运输，感光作用等均可削弱机体抵抗力而成为致病的诱因。
2.临床特征
（1）猪断奶前后仔猪多发，传播迅速，主要表现为渗出性表皮炎，先在毛少部位出现少量3~4毫米大小的微黄色水疱，迅速破溃后，水疱液与皮屑、污垢等粘合成痴皮，呈鳞片状附着于皮肤上。各破溃面可互相融合成大的溃烂面，并很快向周围发展，如不及时治疗或治疗不当可引起较高死亡率。成猪或架子猪发病时，常呈局部性病变，肿胀轻微。此外，尚有败血性葡萄球菌病，病猪体温升高，不食，吐出大量泡沫样睡液，呼吸促迫，粪便中带有粘液，个别猪关节肿大，出现破行和皮肤出血等症状。
（2）马常发部位为精索、胸、肩部、乳房。一般于感染后4~6周在感染处发生结节状可大至拳头的坚硬肿胀，或形成痿管（如精索痿），有的在皮肤、皮下组织和内脏形成溃疡和化脓灶。
（3）牛多表现为乳房炎和乳管炎，以慢性增生性乳房炎较多见，一般症状不明显，但产奶量下降。少数发生急性坏疸性乳房炎，患部坚硬，有热痛，能挤出少量红棕色含有絮片的分泌物，常带恶臭味。
（4）羊常表现为坏疸性乳房炎，发病率为10%~30%，多于2~3天内死亡，致死率高达90%。一般于感染后24小时出现精神沉郁，食欲不振，虚弱。乳房高度肿胀，有热痛，乳房皮肤呈蓝紫色，从脐部到阴门的皮下组织水肿。乳房分泌液呈血红色至黑红色，带有恶臭味。如病羊能耐过急性期，则患病乳房于5～8周变成坏死块。
（5）犬表现为毛囊炎、疖病、脓疱病或蜂窝织炎及眼和尿道的感染。
（6）水貂初生貂多经脐带、创伤或吞食带菌母乳而感染。2~3日龄仔貂突然死亡，无明显症状；6~7日龄的病貂表现不愿走动，不吮乳，因脱水、营养不良，肌肉失去弹性。颈背皮肤增厚，覆有暗褐色硬皮。切开硬皮可见小脓疱样病灶。皮肤充血水肿。腹泻，排黄绿或浅黄色泡沫样、带恶臭的粪便。
3.病理剖检特点
（1）猪与临床症状相似。
（2）马除可见皮肤和皮下组织的局限性化脓灶外，有时在肝、肾、脾、子宫、乳房等处有转移性病变。由葡萄球菌引起的精索痿管，其肿块可达人头大，还可蔓延至腹下及淋巴结等。
（3）牛、羊主要是乳房炎，多见一侧乳房肿大2~4倍，皮肤呈紫色或黑红色，血管高度怒张。乳汁中含有凝固的乳块。病程稍长者则形成坏死块，后呈结缔组织化硬结。
根据发病猪的年龄及初期的特征性病变，渗出性皮炎的病猪是容易确诊的，但诊断中需与营养不良所致的皮疹和接触性湿疹鉴别，为此，可采取皮肤渗出液或痂皮，涂片镜检即可区别。牛羊的葡萄球菌乳房炎单靠临床症状是难以与其他病原所致的乳房炎相鉴别的。除通过镜检和培养查出葡萄球菌之外，如乳房分泌液中的细胞数目增多，便可诊断为葡萄球菌乳房炎。
【防治】坚持兽医卫生防疫制度，保持圈舍及环境的清洁卫生，防止皮肤和粘膜损伤。发现外伤应及时进行外科处理。对孕畜加强产前产后的饲养管理和做好卫生防护，防止乳房感染和发炎。发生本病时要及时隔离患病动物进行治疗，用3%火碱或福尔马林、次氯酸钠液等彻底消毒。常用的治疗药物主要是各种抗生素、磺胺类药物。全身治疗可选用氨苄青霉素，大动物10~15毫克/千克体重，小动物7~11毫克/千克体重，肌内注射，每日3次。卡那霉素，大动物10~15毫克/千克体重，小动物5毫克/
千克体重，肌内注射，每日2次。庆大霉素，马、牛、羊、猪1~5毫克/千克体重，犬
2.2~4.4毫克/千克体重，肌内注射，每日2次。金霉素，马、牛、羊、猪5~10毫克
/千克体重，静脉注射，每日2次。红霉素，马、牛、羊、猪2~6毫克/千克体重，犬2~10毫克/千克体重，肌内注射，每日2次。同时，对化脓创、脓肿和皮肤坏死等可施以外科疗法，均能提高治愈率。
由于葡萄球菌的抗药性较严重，如能先将分离菌作药敏试验，选出敏感药物，可提高治愈率。
因患本病死亡的动物和乳汁不要食用，以免引起人食物中毒。]]> 【病的发生和传播】病原体为葡萄球菌。他是一种革兰氏阳性球菌，呈葡萄串状排列。对动物或人有致病性的为金黄色葡萄球菌。本菌对外界环境因素具有较强的抵抗力，在干燥脓汁中可存活几个月，具有较高的耐热性，80℃30分钟不被杀死。在5%石炭酸、0.1%升汞水中10~15分钟死亡。以洗必泰、消毒净、新洁尔灭及度米芬消毒效果为好。对青霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素、金霉素等敏感，但在医疗实践中，耐药菌株也逐年增多，应予注意。
本菌广泛分布于自然界，如空气、土壤、水、饲料和物品上，也是人、畜皮肤、呼吸道、消化道粘膜上的常在菌群。当动物机体皮肤和粘膜破损，抵抗力降低时，可通过损伤的皮肤、粘膜、呼吸道和消化道而发生感染。
【诊断要点】
1.流行特点多种畜禽及人对本病均有易感性。病的发生虽无明显的季节性，但夏、秋季发病较多见。动物被毛湿透，体表不洁，鞍挽具伤，挤乳不尽或动作不当、乳房受伤，营养失调，寄生虫病，垫草污秽，圈舍拥挤，卫生条件不佳，长途运输，感光作用等均可削弱机体抵抗力而成为致病的诱因。
2.临床特征
（1）猪断奶前后仔猪多发，传播迅速，主要表现为渗出性表皮炎，先在毛少部位出现少量3~4毫米大小的微黄色水疱，迅速破溃后，水疱液与皮屑、污垢等粘合成痴皮，呈鳞片状附着于皮肤上。各破溃面可互相融合成大的溃烂面，并很快向周围发展，如不及时治疗或治疗不当可引起较高死亡率。成猪或架子猪发病时，常呈局部性病变，肿胀轻微。此外，尚有败血性葡萄球菌病，病猪体温升高，不食，吐出大量泡沫样睡液，呼吸促迫，粪便中带有粘液，个别猪关节肿大，出现破行和皮肤出血等症状。
（2）马常发部位为精索、胸、肩部、乳房。一般于感染后4~6周在感染处发生结节状可大至拳头的坚硬肿胀，或形成痿管（如精索痿），有的在皮肤、皮下组织和内脏形成溃疡和化脓灶。
（3）牛多表现为乳房炎和乳管炎，以慢性增生性乳房炎较多见，一般症状不明显，但产奶量下降。少数发生急性坏疸性乳房炎，患部坚硬，有热痛，能挤出少量红棕色含有絮片的分泌物，常带恶臭味。
（4）羊常表现为坏疸性乳房炎，发病率为10%~30%，多于2~3天内死亡，致死率高达90%。一般于感染后24小时出现精神沉郁，食欲不振，虚弱。乳房高度肿胀，有热痛，乳房皮肤呈蓝紫色，从脐部到阴门的皮下组织水肿。乳房分泌液呈血红色至黑红色，带有恶臭味。如病羊能耐过急性期，则患病乳房于5～8周变成坏死块。
（5）犬表现为毛囊炎、疖病、脓疱病或蜂窝织炎及眼和尿道的感染。
（6）水貂初生貂多经脐带、创伤或吞食带菌母乳而感染。2~3日龄仔貂突然死亡，无明显症状；6~7日龄的病貂表现不愿走动，不吮乳，因脱水、营养不良，肌肉失去弹性。颈背皮肤增厚，覆有暗褐色硬皮。切开硬皮可见小脓疱样病灶。皮肤充血水肿。腹泻，排黄绿或浅黄色泡沫样、带恶臭的粪便。
3.病理剖检特点
（1）猪与临床症状相似。
（2）马除可见皮肤和皮下组织的局限性化脓灶外，有时在肝、肾、脾、子宫、乳房等处有转移性病变。由葡萄球菌引起的精索痿管，其肿块可达人头大，还可蔓延至腹下及淋巴结等。
（3）牛、羊主要是乳房炎，多见一侧乳房肿大2~4倍，皮肤呈紫色或黑红色，血管高度怒张。乳汁中含有凝固的乳块。病程稍长者则形成坏死块，后呈结缔组织化硬结。
根据发病猪的年龄及初期的特征性病变，渗出性皮炎的病猪是容易确诊的，但诊断中需与营养不良所致的皮疹和接触性湿疹鉴别，为此，可采取皮肤渗出液或痂皮，涂片镜检即可区别。牛羊的葡萄球菌乳房炎单靠临床症状是难以与其他病原所致的乳房炎相鉴别的。除通过镜检和培养查出葡萄球菌之外，如乳房分泌液中的细胞数目增多，便可诊断为葡萄球菌乳房炎。
【防治】坚持兽医卫生防疫制度，保持圈舍及环境的清洁卫生，防止皮肤和粘膜损伤。发现外伤应及时进行外科处理。对孕畜加强产前产后的饲养管理和做好卫生防护，防止乳房感染和发炎。发生本病时要及时隔离患病动物进行治疗，用3%火碱或福尔马林、次氯酸钠液等彻底消毒。常用的治疗药物主要是各种抗生素、磺胺类药物。全身治疗可选用氨苄青霉素，大动物10~15毫克/千克体重，小动物7~11毫克/千克体重，肌内注射，每日3次。卡那霉素，大动物10~15毫克/千克体重，小动物5毫克/
千克体重，肌内注射，每日2次。庆大霉素，马、牛、羊、猪1~5毫克/千克体重，犬
2.2~4.4毫克/千克体重，肌内注射，每日2次。金霉素，马、牛、羊、猪5~10毫克
/千克体重，静脉注射，每日2次。红霉素，马、牛、羊、猪2~6毫克/千克体重，犬2~10毫克/千克体重，肌内注射，每日2次。同时，对化脓创、脓肿和皮肤坏死等可施以外科疗法，均能提高治愈率。
由于葡萄球菌的抗药性较严重，如能先将分离菌作药敏试验，选出敏感药物，可提高治愈率。
因患本病死亡的动物和乳汁不要食用，以免引起人食物中毒。]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=58 Thu, 29 Nov 2018 05:15:28 +0000 admin]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=58
Excessive fibrous ingredients in the prescription, large material elasticity
Oily ingredients in the raw materials, weakening the adhesion between the particles
The crystal form of the raw material: the crystal of the cubic crystal is easy to be directly compressed; when the scaly or needle crystal is directly compressed, it is easy to be layered, and when it is compressed into a tablet, the effervescent excipient is easily delaminated in the tablet. , effervescent after moisture absorption, gas escape
Excessive use of water-based lubricant

2 process

The particles are too strong, the fine powder is too small, or the fine particles are too high, and the moisture of the particles is too high, causing cracks or lumbar cracks due to sticking
Binder type is not suitable
The amount of binder is too small or the concentration is too low. The particles prepared are too loose.

3 equipment

The speed is too fast: the air can't be discharged when the film is pressed, the compression time is too short, the pressure is too fast, the pressure is too high, the elastic recovery rate of the material is increased|The pressure regulator is not locked, causing the pressure to increase the pressure distribution unevenly, and the upper piece is first separated. The binding of the die hole is easy to install the top crack punch; the die ring is not installed flat, one side is biased to one side, and the pressure side is large, and the upper side is rushed or burred, and the rupture piece is pulled up and down when the tablet is pressed. Long rushing pressure is too large and lobes
During storage, the tablet swells (or disintegrates) and lobes]]>
Excessive fibrous ingredients in the prescription, large material elasticity
Oily ingredients in the raw materials, weakening the adhesion between the particles
The crystal form of the raw material: the crystal of the cubic crystal is easy to be directly compressed; when the scaly or needle crystal is directly compressed, it is easy to be layered, and when it is compressed into a tablet, the effervescent excipient is easily delaminated in the tablet. , effervescent after moisture absorption, gas escape
Excessive use of water-based lubricant

2 process

The particles are too strong, the fine powder is too small, or the fine particles are too high, and the moisture of the particles is too high, causing cracks or lumbar cracks due to sticking
Binder type is not suitable
The amount of binder is too small or the concentration is too low. The particles prepared are too loose.

3 equipment

The speed is too fast: the air can't be discharged when the film is pressed, the compression time is too short, the pressure is too fast, the pressure is too high, the elastic recovery rate of the material is increased|The pressure regulator is not locked, causing the pressure to increase the pressure distribution unevenly, and the upper piece is first separated. The binding of the die hole is easy to install the top crack punch; the die ring is not installed flat, one side is biased to one side, and the pressure side is large, and the upper side is rushed or burred, and the rupture piece is pulled up and down when the tablet is pressed. Long rushing pressure is too large and lobes
During storage, the tablet swells (or disintegrates) and lobes]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=36 Mon, 12 Nov 2018 02:05:46 +0000 guangren]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=36
2. First crush the two kinds of raw materials separately, then mix them (to ensure even mixing), and finally pack the finished products.

3. what's the difference between the two methods?]]>
2. First crush the two kinds of raw materials separately, then mix them (to ensure even mixing), and finally pack the finished products.

3. what's the difference between the two methods?]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=26 Sat, 03 Nov 2018 03:17:19 +0000 admin]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=26 The difference between Penicillin Potassium and Penicillin Sodium
Penicillin Potassium and Penicillin sodium are common penicillin antibiotics in daily life. Many farmers are not clear about the difference between the two products. They are often confused in use, which brings certain losses to production. In fact, penicillin potassium and penicillin sodium have great differences in their usage and effect.
1. Penicillin potassium
It dissolves rapidly, but intravenous injection is strictly prohibited. Too fast rate of potassium entering the blood vessel will lead to a rapid increase of blood potassium concentration. Elevated blood potassium will cause sudden cardiac arrest due to painful intramuscular injection. At the same time, potassium ion has a strong stimulating effect on skin and blood vessels. At the same time, too fast intravenous injection will cause excessive blood potassium in the body, causing high blood potassium in the body. Blood potassium disease, injection of penicillin potassium has a strong sense of pain, dilution with benzyl alcohol or lidocaine can reduce the sense of pain. In addition, pain is related to the location of the needle and the speed of pushing the medicine.
Generally penicillin potassium is slightly more expensive than penicillin sodium, and in general, the price is relatively cheap. 16 million penicillin potassium and 16 million penicillin sodium are mainly used for Gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, tetanus, etc.). Each intramuscular injection of 50 Jin, three times a day for 3 days.
2. Penicillin sodium
It can be injected intravenously, but it is difficult to dissolve. Generally, according to the condition of the disease, the disease that may cause edema does not use penicillin sodium , and the electrolyte disorder may be caused by the general use of potassium penicillin, such as renal dysfunction or brain edema can use penicillin potassium , and if hyperkalemia is sure to use penicillium. Sodium can also be used in combination.
In drug interactions. Penicillin sodium can reduce the absorption of penicillin sodium when combined with gall. The possible mechanism is penicillin binding to bile. When combined with Jiangdanning, the plasma level of penicillin sodium decreased by 78%-79%, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) decreased by 75%-85%. When combined with methotrexate, due to competing renal tubular secretion, the renal clearance rate of methotrexate can be reduced, and the toxicity of methotrexate can be increased. However, penicillin potassium has no such situation.
In sum, the similarities and differences between penicillin potassium and penicillin sodium are:
Common point: 1, they can cause severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylactic shock.
2. All of them are white crystalline powders, odorless or slightly odorless, with moisture-inducing property, and quickly lose efficacy when exposed to acid, alkali or oxidant.
3. Penicillin sodium (potassium) is also a beta-lactam antibiotic, which has strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria.
4, penicillin sodium and potassium salts are also suitable for acute infection caused by sensitive bacteria.
Different points: 1, penicillin G potassium can not be pushed, penicillin sodium can be pushed.
2. Penicillin G potassium can not be used in patients with hyperkalemia, penicillin sodium is not used in patients with hyperkalemia.
3, when penicillin G potassium is dripped, attention should be paid to the rate of drip, not too fast.
4. Local pain is more obvious when potassium salt is injected intramuscularly. Benzyl alcohol solution as diluent can alleviate pain.

  青霉素钾与青霉素钠的区别.docx (Size: 16.39 KB / Downloads: 0) ]]> The difference between Penicillin Potassium and Penicillin Sodium
Penicillin Potassium and Penicillin sodium are common penicillin antibiotics in daily life. Many farmers are not clear about the difference between the two products. They are often confused in use, which brings certain losses to production. In fact, penicillin potassium and penicillin sodium have great differences in their usage and effect.
1. Penicillin potassium
It dissolves rapidly, but intravenous injection is strictly prohibited. Too fast rate of potassium entering the blood vessel will lead to a rapid increase of blood potassium concentration. Elevated blood potassium will cause sudden cardiac arrest due to painful intramuscular injection. At the same time, potassium ion has a strong stimulating effect on skin and blood vessels. At the same time, too fast intravenous injection will cause excessive blood potassium in the body, causing high blood potassium in the body. Blood potassium disease, injection of penicillin potassium has a strong sense of pain, dilution with benzyl alcohol or lidocaine can reduce the sense of pain. In addition, pain is related to the location of the needle and the speed of pushing the medicine.
Generally penicillin potassium is slightly more expensive than penicillin sodium, and in general, the price is relatively cheap. 16 million penicillin potassium and 16 million penicillin sodium are mainly used for Gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, tetanus, etc.). Each intramuscular injection of 50 Jin, three times a day for 3 days.
2. Penicillin sodium
It can be injected intravenously, but it is difficult to dissolve. Generally, according to the condition of the disease, the disease that may cause edema does not use penicillin sodium , and the electrolyte disorder may be caused by the general use of potassium penicillin, such as renal dysfunction or brain edema can use penicillin potassium , and if hyperkalemia is sure to use penicillium. Sodium can also be used in combination.
In drug interactions. Penicillin sodium can reduce the absorption of penicillin sodium when combined with gall. The possible mechanism is penicillin binding to bile. When combined with Jiangdanning, the plasma level of penicillin sodium decreased by 78%-79%, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) decreased by 75%-85%. When combined with methotrexate, due to competing renal tubular secretion, the renal clearance rate of methotrexate can be reduced, and the toxicity of methotrexate can be increased. However, penicillin potassium has no such situation.
In sum, the similarities and differences between penicillin potassium and penicillin sodium are:
Common point: 1, they can cause severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylactic shock.
2. All of them are white crystalline powders, odorless or slightly odorless, with moisture-inducing property, and quickly lose efficacy when exposed to acid, alkali or oxidant.
3. Penicillin sodium (potassium) is also a beta-lactam antibiotic, which has strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria.
4, penicillin sodium and potassium salts are also suitable for acute infection caused by sensitive bacteria.
Different points: 1, penicillin G potassium can not be pushed, penicillin sodium can be pushed.
2. Penicillin G potassium can not be used in patients with hyperkalemia, penicillin sodium is not used in patients with hyperkalemia.
3, when penicillin G potassium is dripped, attention should be paid to the rate of drip, not too fast.
4. Local pain is more obvious when potassium salt is injected intramuscularly. Benzyl alcohol solution as diluent can alleviate pain.

  青霉素钾与青霉素钠的区别.docx (Size: 16.39 KB / Downloads: 0) ]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=22 Fri, 26 Oct 2018 08:38:54 +0000 Grdr_123]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=22 http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=21 Wed, 24 Oct 2018 05:30:28 +0000 guangren]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=21

Antibiotics, insect repellents, nutritional drugs, plant extracts, API and other varieties supply the global market.

HebeiGuangren Pharmaceutical Technology CO.,LTD.

Tel:+8613933828095 +86311 80894911]]>

Antibiotics, insect repellents, nutritional drugs, plant extracts, API and other varieties supply the global market.

HebeiGuangren Pharmaceutical Technology CO.,LTD.

Tel:+8613933828095 +86311 80894911]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=20 Tue, 23 Oct 2018 07:59:01 +0000 guangren]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=20 http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=14 Fri, 07 Sep 2018 05:25:19 +0000 admin]]> http://bbs.medgmp.com/showthread.php?tid=14 Pharma 4.0 – How Industry 4.0 Impacts in Pharma
A lot has been written on Big Data and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIot), also known as Industry 4.0, and how it’s changing the face of industries like transportation and logistics, manufacturing, aviation, and oil and gas production. But not so much has been written about how Industry 4.0 solutions can be applied to pharmaceutical manufacturing problems to increase quality and productivity, and decrease risk and waste. Pharma 4.0 is the term used to describe Industry 4.0 in a pharmaceutical manufacturing setting.
[img=800x0]https://40rik02ft2xye26xv2i0y0yc-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/industry-4.0-e1475129129127-1.png[/img]
What is Pharma 4.0?
Technology writer, Alasdair Gilchrist, describes Industry 4.0 as the convergence of people, physical systems, and data within an industrial process to increase quality, productivity and profit by using the power of advanced data analytics. Pharma 4.0 can be defined in the same way.
Why 4.0? It’s a play on two things:

• the numbering system used in software development, and
  
  
• the idea that the Industrial Revolution, characterised by mechanisation and steam power, was Industry 1.0; the arrival of electricity was Industry 2.0; the Internet was Industry 3.0; and we are now in the infancy of Industry 4.0 (and Pharma 4.0).
  

 
What’s driving the move towards Pharma 4.0?
Beyond the ever-present need for pharmaceutical manufacturers to remain competitive in a growing marketplace of increasing complexity is regulators’ increasing push for continuous product monitoring. In the past, regulators accepted an annual product quality review as adequate (although not necessarily ideal), but there is a growing expectation that manufacturers will perform such reviews much more frequently than annually. Pharma 4.0 technology allows for continuous, real-time monitoring of manufacturing processes so any drift away from specified parameters can be predicted and rectified before it turns into a deviation, avoiding the associated down time and loss of product.
Increasing pressure on R&D departments to develop not only new products faster than in the past, but also more personalised therapies, is another factor driving the move towards Pharma 4.0, but that’s a post for another day.
So what does a Pharma 4.0 site look like?
A pharmaceutical manufacturing plant set up according to Pharma 4.0 principles is made up of machines, equipment and computers, but rather than the typical automated process control (APC) elements that have been standard since the late nineties, all the machines and equipment – even individual components within them – are fitted with multiple sensors that are constantly monitoring every aspect of the process and even their own wear and tear. These ‘self-aware’ components can report on their own condition, indicate how much useful life they have left, and predict when they’re likely to fail. Imagine the savings in down time that such a capability could deliver.
An single online tablet inspection system generates huge volumes of data – up to 24 terabytes a year. By way of contrast, the whole of United Airlines ‘only’ generates around 9 terabytes a year. To reap the rewards that Pharma 4.0 offers, all that data needs to be processed using some of the advanced analytical tools that have emerged as a result of the big data evolution. Artificial Intelligence (AI) will play a growing role in data analytics.
What big data can deliver
Big data analytics draws data from sources that have traditionally been disconnected from one another, and looks for relationships and trends that were previously undetectable. For example, data from the online inspection system described above can be combined with that from equipment maintenance and engineering systems to streamline maintenance schedules; combining production data with that from sales and dispatch systems can streamline production planning. Enterprise Resource Planning tools can already do some of this but they’re necessarily working with smaller data sets than a Pharma 4.0 plant would generate so their conclusions and recommendations are comparatively less valid.
About the people
There are fewer operators needed on a Pharma 4.0 production line and the jobs are highly skilled. Some commentators are calling for ‘Data Scientists’ to staff these operations, but as Trevor Schoerie, Managing Director of PharmOut, explains:
In a Pharma 4.0 environment, a Data Scientist is not an individual person – it has to be a team or a consultant (QikSolve), as there are so many different skills required. You need to understand the technologies like Hadoop, Hive, and Pig – these process all the big data. Then you need to understand statistics and related programs, like open-source ‘R’, or proprietary systems like Minitab, SAS or Mathworks. Then, of course, you have to know how to interpret the data and statistics; to create data visualisation using tools like Microsoft’s Power BI; and to make decisions based on the data.
In addition to their technical skills, staff need industry knowledge and an in-depth understanding of their facility and the production processes. Data quality will improve with increasing automation, but it will be some time yet before all the data needed is delivered in a clean, ready-to-use format. So staff will spend time preparing data for analysis.
How is Pharma 4.0 different from existing control strategies?
Current automated process control (APC) strategies improved quality oversight when they were introduced in the nineties, but they are, by nature, reactive. They can only tell you what’s gone wrong, not what’s about to go wrong and within what timeframe. But Pharma 4.0 is about more than just process control. By increasing the amount of monitoring throughout the production cycle – not just on the production line – Pharma 4.0 offers predictive analysis and a world of other business insights that are currently unavailable because they’re buried in unstructured, dispersed, incomplete data.
Barriers to adopting Pharma 4.0 approaches
The cost of fitting out a pharmaceutical manufacturing site according to Pharma 4.0 principles has been cited as a barrier, but the cost will be quickly offset by increases in productivity and a reduction in down time and waste. Gilchrist speaks of ‘the power of 1%’, which refers to the idea that an industry only needs to decrease operational costs / inefficiency by just 1% by using Industry 4.0 principles to realise significant savings. He gives the following examples:

• If the aviation industry could save 1% of fuel costs per year, it would save $30 billion.
  
  
• If a gas-fired power station could save 1% on gas per year, it would save $66 billion.
  
  
• If the oil and gas industry could reduce capital spending on equipment by 1% per year, it would save $90 billion.
  

 
Finding enough adequately skilled staff to run the analytics is also proving difficult, as universities struggle to predict what skills industry will require in coming years. Yet it’s clear already that advanced analytical skills will continue to be in demand for the foreseeable future.
Security is another concern. Pharma 4.0 means connecting thousands of individual devices – sensors, actuators and networks – and each connection represents a point of weakness from a system security perspective. To reap the benefits of Pharma 4.0 and mitigate the security risks, manufacturers will need to invest in skilled security staff.
Trevor Schoerie refers to ‘the inertia of big committees’ embedded in large multinationals as another barrier to adopting a Pharma 4.0 approach and warns that disruptions have seldom come from within an industry. ‘Look at ABNB, Uber, or Telsa. They’re both from outside the industries they’re impacting yet are changing the game. There’s no going back once developments like these have shown their worth. You either get on board or get left behind.’
Conclusion
Although pharma has typically been a risk-averse industry, it has the support of regulators in moving towards the Pharma 4.0 approach. The barriers will fall, in time, and Pharma 4.0 will become the new standard.]]> Pharma 4.0 – How Industry 4.0 Impacts in Pharma
A lot has been written on Big Data and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIot), also known as Industry 4.0, and how it’s changing the face of industries like transportation and logistics, manufacturing, aviation, and oil and gas production. But not so much has been written about how Industry 4.0 solutions can be applied to pharmaceutical manufacturing problems to increase quality and productivity, and decrease risk and waste. Pharma 4.0 is the term used to describe Industry 4.0 in a pharmaceutical manufacturing setting.
[img=800x0]https://40rik02ft2xye26xv2i0y0yc-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/industry-4.0-e1475129129127-1.png[/img]
What is Pharma 4.0?
Technology writer, Alasdair Gilchrist, describes Industry 4.0 as the convergence of people, physical systems, and data within an industrial process to increase quality, productivity and profit by using the power of advanced data analytics. Pharma 4.0 can be defined in the same way.
Why 4.0? It’s a play on two things:

• the numbering system used in software development, and
  
  
• the idea that the Industrial Revolution, characterised by mechanisation and steam power, was Industry 1.0; the arrival of electricity was Industry 2.0; the Internet was Industry 3.0; and we are now in the infancy of Industry 4.0 (and Pharma 4.0).
  

 
What’s driving the move towards Pharma 4.0?
Beyond the ever-present need for pharmaceutical manufacturers to remain competitive in a growing marketplace of increasing complexity is regulators’ increasing push for continuous product monitoring. In the past, regulators accepted an annual product quality review as adequate (although not necessarily ideal), but there is a growing expectation that manufacturers will perform such reviews much more frequently than annually. Pharma 4.0 technology allows for continuous, real-time monitoring of manufacturing processes so any drift away from specified parameters can be predicted and rectified before it turns into a deviation, avoiding the associated down time and loss of product.
Increasing pressure on R&D departments to develop not only new products faster than in the past, but also more personalised therapies, is another factor driving the move towards Pharma 4.0, but that’s a post for another day.
So what does a Pharma 4.0 site look like?
A pharmaceutical manufacturing plant set up according to Pharma 4.0 principles is made up of machines, equipment and computers, but rather than the typical automated process control (APC) elements that have been standard since the late nineties, all the machines and equipment – even individual components within them – are fitted with multiple sensors that are constantly monitoring every aspect of the process and even their own wear and tear. These ‘self-aware’ components can report on their own condition, indicate how much useful life they have left, and predict when they’re likely to fail. Imagine the savings in down time that such a capability could deliver.
An single online tablet inspection system generates huge volumes of data – up to 24 terabytes a year. By way of contrast, the whole of United Airlines ‘only’ generates around 9 terabytes a year. To reap the rewards that Pharma 4.0 offers, all that data needs to be processed using some of the advanced analytical tools that have emerged as a result of the big data evolution. Artificial Intelligence (AI) will play a growing role in data analytics.
What big data can deliver
Big data analytics draws data from sources that have traditionally been disconnected from one another, and looks for relationships and trends that were previously undetectable. For example, data from the online inspection system described above can be combined with that from equipment maintenance and engineering systems to streamline maintenance schedules; combining production data with that from sales and dispatch systems can streamline production planning. Enterprise Resource Planning tools can already do some of this but they’re necessarily working with smaller data sets than a Pharma 4.0 plant would generate so their conclusions and recommendations are comparatively less valid.
About the people
There are fewer operators needed on a Pharma 4.0 production line and the jobs are highly skilled. Some commentators are calling for ‘Data Scientists’ to staff these operations, but as Trevor Schoerie, Managing Director of PharmOut, explains:
In a Pharma 4.0 environment, a Data Scientist is not an individual person – it has to be a team or a consultant (QikSolve), as there are so many different skills required. You need to understand the technologies like Hadoop, Hive, and Pig – these process all the big data. Then you need to understand statistics and related programs, like open-source ‘R’, or proprietary systems like Minitab, SAS or Mathworks. Then, of course, you have to know how to interpret the data and statistics; to create data visualisation using tools like Microsoft’s Power BI; and to make decisions based on the data.
In addition to their technical skills, staff need industry knowledge and an in-depth understanding of their facility and the production processes. Data quality will improve with increasing automation, but it will be some time yet before all the data needed is delivered in a clean, ready-to-use format. So staff will spend time preparing data for analysis.
How is Pharma 4.0 different from existing control strategies?
Current automated process control (APC) strategies improved quality oversight when they were introduced in the nineties, but they are, by nature, reactive. They can only tell you what’s gone wrong, not what’s about to go wrong and within what timeframe. But Pharma 4.0 is about more than just process control. By increasing the amount of monitoring throughout the production cycle – not just on the production line – Pharma 4.0 offers predictive analysis and a world of other business insights that are currently unavailable because they’re buried in unstructured, dispersed, incomplete data.
Barriers to adopting Pharma 4.0 approaches
The cost of fitting out a pharmaceutical manufacturing site according to Pharma 4.0 principles has been cited as a barrier, but the cost will be quickly offset by increases in productivity and a reduction in down time and waste. Gilchrist speaks of ‘the power of 1%’, which refers to the idea that an industry only needs to decrease operational costs / inefficiency by just 1% by using Industry 4.0 principles to realise significant savings. He gives the following examples:

• If the aviation industry could save 1% of fuel costs per year, it would save $30 billion.
  
  
• If a gas-fired power station could save 1% on gas per year, it would save $66 billion.
  
  
• If the oil and gas industry could reduce capital spending on equipment by 1% per year, it would save $90 billion.
  

 
Finding enough adequately skilled staff to run the analytics is also proving difficult, as universities struggle to predict what skills industry will require in coming years. Yet it’s clear already that advanced analytical skills will continue to be in demand for the foreseeable future.
Security is another concern. Pharma 4.0 means connecting thousands of individual devices – sensors, actuators and networks – and each connection represents a point of weakness from a system security perspective. To reap the benefits of Pharma 4.0 and mitigate the security risks, manufacturers will need to invest in skilled security staff.
Trevor Schoerie refers to ‘the inertia of big committees’ embedded in large multinationals as another barrier to adopting a Pharma 4.0 approach and warns that disruptions have seldom come from within an industry. ‘Look at ABNB, Uber, or Telsa. They’re both from outside the industries they’re impacting yet are changing the game. There’s no going back once developments like these have shown their worth. You either get on board or get left behind.’
Conclusion
Although pharma has typically been a risk-averse industry, it has the support of regulators in moving towards the Pharma 4.0 approach. The barriers will fall, in time, and Pharma 4.0 will become the new standard.]]>